1. Check the RAID was created

   cat /proc/mdstat

2. Check disk status

   smartctl -H /dev/sdX

3. Find serial number

   smartctl -i /dv/sdX

4. If the new disk contains partitions
   1. Stop any Raid partitions with

      mdadm --stop /dev/md1

   2. Remove the superblocks

      mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdX1

   3. Remove existing partitions with gdisk /dev/sdX

      Command (m for help): d

   4. Create new RAID partition (if asked remove the existing signature)

      Command (m for help): d
      Command (m for help): n
      Command (m for help): t,fd00

5. Add the new drive to the RAID

   mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdc1

6. If the system does not need to use the disks during resync you may want to (temporarily) increase the sync speed:

   echo 1000000 > /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_max

   Before doing this check the current sync speed:

   cat /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_max

7. If the RAID is incomplete, rebuilding (resyncing) of the RAID starts instantly. If the RAID is complete including the bad drive, and you just added a spare drive, you can proceed as follows (requires mdadm 3.3+ and a 3.2+ kernel)

   mdadm /dev/md0 --replace /dev/sdX1 --with /dev/sdc1

   sdX1 is the device you want to replace, sdc1 is the preferred device to do so and must be declared as a spare on your array. The –with option is optional, if not specified, any available spare will be used. After resyncing the RAID the replaced drive will be marked as failed.
   
   

8. Remove the replaced disk which is marked as failed after resyncing has completed

   mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdX1

9. Compare ouput of mdadm -Es to the contents of /etc/mdadm/mdadm/conf

   mdadm -Es >> /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf

• How to safely replace a not-yet-failed disk in a Linux RAID5 array?
• mdadm: How to Remove a Drive From a RAID Array
• mdadm
• Recovering a failed software RAID
• Activating and deactivating volume groups
• RAID Recovery
• Linux Create Software RAID 1 (Mirror) Array
• Linux Rename a RAID Array From md0 to md2
• Mdadm missing superblock
• How do I rename an mdadm raid array?
• How can I quickly copy a GPT partition scheme from one hard drive to another?
• 7 Steps to Safely Replace a Drive in a Linux MD RAID Array
• Replacing and resizing a linux software raid
• Resizing an encrypted filesystem with LVM on Linux
• Extend a LUKS encrypted partition to fill disk
• Reducing Linux Software RAID Rebuild Speed?

• to check wether root and swap are mounted, enter:

  mount
  free -m -t

• to check mismatching uuid's, enter:

  blkid
  ls -la /dev/disk/by-uuid
  cat /etc/fstab

• to fix, replace the uuid's found in /etc/fstab with the ones found in /dev/disk. Make sure you copy the correct uuid (md0, md1) to the respective entry in fstab.

  vim /etc/fstab

Most Debian and Debian-derived distributions create a cron job which issues an array check at 0106 hours each first Sunday of the month in /etc/cron.d/mdadm. This task appears as resync in /proc/mdstat and syslog. So if you suddenly see RAID-resyncing for no apparent reason, this might be a place to take a look.

Normally the kernel will throttle the resync activity (c.f. nice) to avoid impacting the raid device performance.

However, it is a good idea to manage the resync parameters to get optimal performance.

• Get current system values:

  sudo sysctl dev.raid.speed_limit_min
  sudo sysctl dev.raid.speed_limit_max

• Default system values on Debian 10:

  dev.raid.speed_limit_min = 1000
  dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 200,000

• Reduce max limit to make server more responsive during resync (2021-12-05):

  sudo sysctl -w dev.raid.speed_limit_min=10,000
  sudo sysctl -w dev.raid.speed_limit_max=100,000

• Get current read-ahead (in 512-byte sectors) per Raid device (default value is 512 on Debian 10):

  blockdev --getra /dev/mdX

• Set to 32 MB:

  blockdev --setra 65536 /dev/mdX

• Set to 65536 on a server with 32GB memory, 32768 on a server with 8GB memory (2021-12-05)

• Get NCQ depth on each physical Drive in Raid (default value is 31):

  cat /sys/block/sdX/device/queue_depth

• Disable NCQ:

  echo 1 > /sys/block/sdX/device/queue_depth

It records the size (in pages per device) of the stripe cache which is used for synchronising all write operations to the array and all read operations if the array is degraded. The default is 256 which equals to 3MB memory consumption. Valid values are 17 to 32768. Make sure your system has enough memory available: memory_consumed = system_page_size * nr_disks * stripe_cache_size.

• Find system page size, on Debian 10 this is 4096:

  getconf PAGESIZE

• Set to 384MB memory consumption on a 3 disk:

  sudo echo 32768> /sys/block/md0/md/stripe_cache_size

• Set to 32768 on a server with 32 GB memory, set to 16384 on a server with 8 GB memory (2021-12-05)

1. If the new disk contains partitions
   1. Stop any Raid partitions with

      mdadm --stop /dev/md1
      mdadm --remove /dev/md1

   2. Remove the superblocks

      mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdX1

   3. Remove existing partitions with fdisk /dev/sdX
2. Create a new partition utilizing the full disk space. When asked, remove the existing signature. Change partition type to Linux RAID

   sudo fdisk /dev/sdX
   Command (m for help): d
   Command (m for help): n
   Command (m for help): t,29

3. Create the RAID

   mdadm --create /dev/mdX --level=raid1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdX1 missing

4. Check the RAID was created

   cat /proc/mdstat
   ls /dev/md*

5. Add a second disk

   mdadm --manage /dev/mdX --add /dev/sdX1

• Can I create a software RAID 1 with one device
• Convert a single drive system to RAID
• Removal of mdadm RAID Devices – How to do it quickly?
• Replacing A Failed Hard Drive In A Software RAID1 Array

1. Scan for the old raid disks

   sudo mdadm --assemble --scan

2. Mount the raid manually to confirm

   blkid
   sudo mount /dev/md0 /mnt

3. Append info to mdadm.conf

   mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf

4. Update initramfs

   update-initramfs -u

• Make sure the output of “mdadm –detail –scan” matches your /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
• Examine /etc/fstab

• How do I move a Linux software RAID to a new machine?
• Using mdadm --examine to write mdadm.conf
• Can I transfer my mdadm Software raid to a new system in case of hardware failure?

1. Follow Replace a failing or failed disk at the top of this page
2. Resize the array to the maximum supported by the underlying partitions

   mdadm --grow /dev/md5 -z max

3. Follow the progress with

   watch -d cat /proc/mdstat

1. Check size of physical volume with

   pvdisplay

2. Increase physical volume to utilize all available space

   pvresize /dev/mdX

3. Increase logical volume to utilize all available space

   lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/<volume_group>/<logical_volume>

1. Inform LUKS to utilize all available space, you need the backup key to do this

   cryptsetup resize /dev/mapper/<volume_group>/<logical_volume>_crypt

1. On-line resize file system

   resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/<volume_group>/<logical_volume>_crypt

• Resync
• 5 Tips To Speed Up Linux Software Raid Rebuilding And Re-syncing
• RAID resync – Best practices
• A guide to mdadm
• How To Resize RAID Partitions (Shrink & Grow) (Software RAID)
• Formatting a RAID volume with ext4
• How To Create RAID Arrays with mdadm on Ubuntu 16.04
• How To Resize RAID Partitions (Shrink & Grow) (Software RAID)
• Formatting a RAID volume with ext4
• How to wipe free disk space in Linux?
• Setting up swap space